Chapter 47
- Ackerman N, Grain E, Castleman W. 1982. Canine nocardiosis. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 18:147-153.
- Afolabi IR, Shashidhar VM. 2004. Carcinoma of the oesophagus masquerading as actinomycosis: a case report and a review of the literature. Pac Health Dialog 11:94-95.
- Ajello L, Walker WW, Dungworth DL, et al. 1961. Isolation of Nocardia brasiliensis from a cat with a review of its prevalence and geographic distribution. J Am Vet Med Assoc 138:370-376.
- Akün RS. 1952. Nokardiosis bei zwei Katzen in der Turkei. Dtsch Tierarztl Wochenschr 59:202-204.
- 4a. Allenspach K, House A, Smith K, et al. 2010. Evaluation of mucosal bacteria and histopathology, clinical disease activity and expression of Toll-like receptors in German shepherd dogs with chronic enteropathies. Vet Microbiol 146:326-335.
- Ambaye A, Kohner PC, Wollan PC, et al. 1997. Comparison of agar dilution, broth microdilution, disk diffusion, E-Test, and BACTEC radiometric methods for antimicrobial susceptibility testing of clinical isolates of the Nocardia asteroides complex. J Clin Microbiol 35:847-852.
- Anvik JO, Lewis R. 1976. Actinomyces encephalitis associated with hydrocephalus in a dog. Can Vet J 17:42-44.
- Armstrong PJ. 1980. Nocardial pleuritis in a cat. Can Vet J 21:189-191.
- Astudillo L, Dahan S, Escourrou G, et al. 2001. Cat scratch responsible for primary cutaneous Nocardia asteroides in an immunocompetent patient. Br J Dermatol 145:684-685.
- Awad FI, Obeid HM. 1962. Further studies on canine nocardiosis in the Sudan with particular reference to chemotherapy. Zentralbl Veterinarmed B 9:257-263.
- Bakerspigel A. 1973. An unusual strain of Nocardia isolated from an infected cat. Can J Microbiol 19:1361-1365.
- Barfield D, Rich S, Pegrum S, et al. 2007. What is your diagnosis? Nocardia infection. J Small Anim Pract 48:353-354.
- Barns LD, Grahn BH. 2007. Actinomyces endophthalmitis and pneumonia in a dog. Can Vet J 48:1155-1158.
- Barrs VR, Nicoll RG, Churcher RK, et al. 2007. Intracranial empyema: literature review and two novel cases in cats. J Small Anim Pract 48:449-454.
- Beaman BL, Beaman L. 1994. Nocardia species: host-parasite relationships. Clin Microbiol Rev 7:213-264.
- Beaman BL, Sugar AM. 1983. Nocardia in naturally acquired and experimental infections in animals. J Hygiene 91:393-419.
- Beaman L, Beaman BL. 1990. Monoclonal antibodies demonstrate that superoxide dismutase contributes to protection of Nocardia asteroides within the intact host. Infect Immun 58:3122-3128.
- Bestetti G, Bühlman V, Nicolet J, et al. 1977. Paraplegia due to Actinomyces viscosus infection in a cat. Acta Neuropathol (Berl) 39:231-235.
- Billington SJ, Post, KW, Jost BH. 2002. Isolation of Arcanobacterium (Actinomyces) pyogenes from cases of feline otitis externa and canine cystitis. J Vet Diagn Invest 14:159-162.
- Boiron P, Provost F. 1988. In-vitro susceptibility testing of Nocardia spp and its taxonomic implication. J Antimicrob Chemother 22:623-629.
- Bottei E, Flaherty JP, Kaplan LJ, et al. 1994. Lymphocutaneous Nocardia brasiliensis infection transmitted via a cat scratch: a second case. Clin Infect Dis 18:649-650.
- Bowden GHW. 1988. Actinomyces, pp 445-462. In Balows A, Duerden BI (eds): Topley and Wilson's microbiology and microbial infections. Systemic bacteriology, vol 2, ed 9. Arnold, London.
- Bradney IW. 1985. Vertebral osteomyelitis due to Nocardia in a dog. Aust Vet J 62:315-316.
- Breitschwerdt EB, Waters JW. 1983. Pulmonary actinomycosis in a dog. Vet Radiol 24:186-188.
- Brennan KE, Ihrke PJ. 1983. Grass awn migration in dogs and cats: a retrospective study of 182 cases. J Am Vet Med Assoc 182:1201-1204.
- Brodey RS, Cole EJ, Sauer RM. 1955. Nocardial mycetoma in a dog. J Am Vet Med Assoc 127:433-434.
- Brown-Elliott BA, Brown JM, Conville PS, Wallace RJ Jr. 2006. Clinical and laboratory features of the Nocardia spp. based on current molecular taxonomy. Clin Microbiol Rev 19:259-282.
- Brown-Elliott BA, Ward SC, Crest CJ, et al. 2001. In vitro activities of linezolid against multiple Nocardia species. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 45:1295-1297.
- Buchanan AM, Beaman BL, Pedersen NC, et al. 1983. Nocardia asteroides recovery from a dog with steroid-and antibiotic-unresponsive idiopathic polyarthritis. J Clin Microbiol 18:702-708.
- Buchanan AM, Scott JL. 1984. Actinomyces hordeovulneris, a canine pathogen that produces L-phase variants spontaneously with coincident calcium deposition. Am J Vet Res 45:2552-2560.
- Buchanan AM, Scott JL, Gerencser MA, et al. 1984. Actinomyces hordeovulneris sp. nov., an agent of canine actinomycosis. Int J Syst Bacteriol 34:439-443.
- Buoro IBJ, Mande JD, Nyamwange SB. 1993. Isolation of Nocardia asteroides from a dog with hemorrhagic cystitis. J Small Anim Pract 34:99-102.
- Campbell B, Scott DW. 1975. Successful management of nocardial empyema in a dog and cat. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 11:769-773.
- Chandler FW, Kaplan W, Ajello L. 1980. Mycetomas, pp 76-81. In Color atlas and text of the histopathology of mycotic diseases. Year Book Medical, Chicago.
- Chastain CB, Greve JH, Riedesel DH. 1974. Pericardial effusion from granulomatous pleuritis and pericarditis in a dog. J Am Vet Med Assoc 164:1201-1202.
- Chastain CB, Grier RL, Hodge RM, et al. 1976. Actinomycotic peritonitis in a dog. J Am Vet Med Assoc 168:499-501.
- Chastain CB, Grier RL, Mitten RW, et al. 1977. Actinomycotic periodontitis in a cat. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 13:65-67.
- Clarridge JE III, Zhang Q. 2002. Genotypic diversity of clinical Actinomyces species: phenotype, source, and disease correlation among genospecies. J Clin Microbiol 40:3442-3448.
- Climenhaga DB, Tokarewicz AC, Willis NR. 1984. Nocardia keratitis. Can J Ophthalmol 19:284-286.
- Cloud JL, Conville PS, Croft A, et al. 2004. Evaluation of partial 16S ribosomal DNA sequencing for identification of Nocardia species by using the Micro Seq 500 system with an expanded database. J Clin Microbiol 42:578-584.
- Conville PS, Brown JM, Steigerwalt AG, et al. 2003. Nocardia veterana as a pathogen in North American patients. Clin Microbiol 41:2560-2568.
- Conville PS, Witebsky FG. 2007. Analysis of multiple differing copies of the 16S rRNA gene in five clinical isolates and three type strains of Nocardia species and implications for species assignment. J Clin Microbiol 45:1146-1151.
- Cope Z. 1949. Visceral actinomycosis. Br Med J 1311-1316.
- Couto SS, Dickinson PJ, Jang S, et al. 2000. Pyogranulomatous meningoencephalitis due to Actinomyces sp in a dog. Vet Pathol 37:650-652.
- Craig GR, White G. 1976. Studies in dogs and cats dosed with trimethoprim and sulfadiazine. Vet Rec 98:82-86.
- Cross RF, Nagao WT, Morrison RH. 1953. Canine nocardiosis: a report of two cases. J Am Vet Met Assoc 123:535-536.
- Davenport AA, Carter GR, Schirmer RG. 1974. Canine actinomycosis due to Actinomyces viscosus: report of six cases. Vet Med Small Anim Clin 69:1442-1447.
- Davenport DJ, Johnson GC. 1986. Cutaneous nocardiosis in a cat. J Am Vet Med Assoc 188:728-729.
- Davies DR, Lucas J. 2003. Actinomyces infection in a dog with pulmonary carcinoma. Aust Vet J 81:132-135.
- Dhamborvorn T, Tritipsatit S, Meemongkoldilok S. 2001. Actinomycosis of the urinary bladder. J Med Assoc Thai 84:109-112.
- Ditchfield J. 1961. Nocardiosis in the dog. Mod Vet Pract 42:43-45.
- Dobbs ER, Naidoo S, Lephoto C, et al. 2003. Pathogenic Nocardia, Rhodococcus and related organisms are highly susceptible to imidazole antifungals. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 47:1476-1478.
- Donohue DE, Brightman AH. 1995. Cervicofacial Actinomyces viscosus infection in a Brazilian Fila: a case report and literature review. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 31:501-505.
- Doyle JL, Kuipers von Lande RG, Worth AJ. 2009. Intrathoracic pyogranulomatous disease in four working dogs. N Z Vet J 57:346-351.
- Edwards DF. 2006. Actinomycosis and nocardiosis, pp 451-461. In Greene CE (ed): Infectious diseases of the dog and cat, ed 3. Saunders Elsevier, St Louis.
- Edwards DF, Nyland TG, Weigel JP. 1988. Actinomycosis: diagnosis and long-term therapy in three dogs. J Vet Intern Med 2:184-191.
- Eisenblatter M, Disko U, Stoltenburg-Didinger G. 2002. Isolation of Nocardia paucivorans from cerebrospinal fluid of a patient with relapse of cerebral nocardiosis. J Clin Microbiol 40:3532-3534.
- Elliott DR, Wilson M, Buckley CM, et al. 2005. Cultivable oral microbiota of domestic dogs. J Clin Microbiol 43:5470-5476.
- Freland C, Fur JL, Nemirovsky-Trebucq B, et al. 1995. Primary cutaneous nocardiosis caused by Nocardia otitidiscaviarum: two cases and a review of the literature. J Trop Med Hyg 98:395-403.
- Frendin J. 1997. Pyogranulomatous pleuritis with empyema in hunting dogs. Zentralbl Vet Med [A] 44:167-178.
- Frendin J, Funkquist B, Hansoon K, et al. 1999. Diagnostic imaging of back pain. J Small Anim Pract 40:278-285.
- Frendin J, Greko C, Hellmén E, et al. 1994. Thoracic and abdominal wall swellings in dogs caused by foreign bodies. J Small Anim Pract 35:499-508.
- Fux C, Bodmer T, Ziswiler HR, et al. 2003. Nocardia cyriacigeorgica: first report of invasive human infection. Dtsch Med Wochenschr 128:1038-1041.
- George LK, Brown JM, Baker HJ, et al. 1972. Actinomyces viscosus as an agent of actinomycosis in the dog. Am J Vet Res 33:1457-1470.
- Gerson SL, Kaplan SL, Bruss JB, et al. 2002. Hematologic effects of linezolid: summary of clinical experience. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 46:2723-2726.
- Girouard V, Albert G, Thivierge B, et al. 1987. Primary cutaneous nocardiosis due to Nocardia caviae. CMAJ 136:844-845.
- Godreuil S, Didelot M-N, Perez C, et al. 2003. Nocardia veterana isolated from fluid of a patient with human immunodeficiency virus infection. J Clin Microbiol 41:2768-2773.
- Gombert ME, Aulicino TM. 1983. Synergism of imipenem and amikacin in combinations with other antibiotics against Nocardia asteroides. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 24:810-811.
- Gomez-Flores A, Welsh O, Said-Fernández S, et al. 2004. In vitro and in vivo activities of antimicrobials against Nocardia brasiliensis. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 48:832-837.
- Guérin-Faublée V, Flandrois JP, Broye E, et al. 1993. Actinomyces pyogenes: susceptibility of 103 clinical animal isolates to 22 antimicrobial agents. Vet Res 24:251-259.
- Gulbahar MY, Gurturk K, 2002. Pyothorax associated with a Mycoplasma spp. and Arcanobacterium pyogenes in a kitten. Aust Vet J 80:344-345.
- Hall V, Talbot PR, Stubbs L, et al. 2001. Identification of clinical isolates of Actinomyces species by amplified 16S ribosomal DNA restriction analysis. J Clin Microbiol 39:3555-3562.
- Hamid ME, Maldenado L, Sharaf Elden GS, et al. 2001. Nocardia africana sp. nov., a new pathogen isolated from patients with pulmonary infections. J Clin Microbiol 38:625-630.
- Harada H, Endo Y, Sekiguchi M, et al. 2009. Cutaneous nocardiosis in a cat. J Vet Med Sci 71:785-787.
- Hardie EM, Barsanti JA. 1982. Treatment of canine actinomycosis. J Am Vet Med Assoc 180:537-541.
- Harvey AM, Holt PE, Barr FJ, et al. 2007. Treatment and long-term follow-up of extrahepatic biliary obstruction with bilirubin cholelithiasis in a Somali cat with pyruvate kinase deficiency. J Feline Med Surg 9:424-431.
- Hattori Y, Kano R, Kunitani Y, et al. 2003. Nocardia africana isolated from a feline mycetoma. J Clin Microbiol 41:908-910.
- Haywards AHS. 1968. Thoracic effusions in the cat. J Small Anim Pract 9:75-82.
- Hillier SL, Moncla BJ. 1995. Peptostreptococcus, Propionibacterium, Eubacterium and other nonsporeforming anaerobic, gram-positive bacteria, pp 587-602. In Murray PR, Baron EJ, Pfaller MA, et al. (eds). Manual of clinical microbiology, ed 6. ASM Press, Washington, DC.
- Hirsch DC, Jang SS. 1999. Antimicrobial susceptibility of Nocardia nova isolated from five cats with nocardiosis. J Am Vet Med Assoc 215:815-817.
- 79a. Hostutler RA, Chew DJ, Jaeger JQ, et al. 2005. Uses and effectiveness of pamidronate disodium for treatmen of dogs and cats with with hypercalcemia. J Vet Intern Med 19:29-33.
- Hoyles L, Falsen E, Foster G, et al. 2000. Actinomyces canis sp. nov., isolated from dogs. Int J Syst Bacteriol 50:1547-1551.
- Hoyles L, Falsen E, Foster G, et al. 2002. Actinomyces coleocanis sp. nov., from the vagina of a dog. Int J Syst Bacteriol 52:1201-1203.
- Hoyles L, Falsen E, Pascual C, et al. 2001. Actinomyces catuli sp. nov., from dogs. Int J Syst Bacteriol 51:679-682.
- Itkin RJ, Krawiec DR, Cloran JA, et al. 1994. Ulcerative urocystitis in a dog associated with a Nocardia-like organism. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 30:296-299.
- Johnson DE, Summers BA. 1971. Osteomyelitis of the lumbar vertebral in dogs caused by grass-seed foreign bodies. Aust Vet J 47:289-294
- Junius G, Bavegems V, Stalpaert M, et al. 2004. Mitral valve endocarditis in a Labrador retriever caused by Actinomyces species identified as Actinomyces turicensis. J Vet Intern Med 18:899-901.
- Kageyama A, Poonwan N, Yazawa K, et al. 2004. Nocardia asiatica sp. nov., isolated from patients with nocardiosis in Japan and clinical specimens from Thailand. Int J Sys Evol Microbiol 54:125-130.
- Kageyama A, Poonwan, N, Yazawa K, et al. 2004. Nocardia beijingensis is a pathogenic bacterium to humans: the first infectious cases in Thailand and Japan. Mycopathologia 157:155-161.
- Kageyama A, Yazawa K, Kudo T, et al. 2004. First isolates of Nocardia abscessus from humans and soil in Japan. Jpn J Med Mycol 45:17-21.
- Kageyama A, Yazawa K, Nishimura K, et al. 2004. Nocardia inohanensis sp. nov., Nocardia yamanashiensis sp. nov. and Nocardia niigatensis sp. nov., isolated from clinical specimens. Int J Sys Evol Microbiol 54:563-569.
- Kawamura N, Shimada A, Morita T, et al. 2005. Intraperitoneal actinomycosis in a cat. Vet Rec 157:593-594.
- Kinch DA. 1968. A rapidly fatal infection caused by Nocardia caviae in a dog. J Pathol 95:540-546.
- King CB, Sapp CC, Seibold HR. 1955. Systemic nocardiosis with bone lesions in a dog. Auburn Vet 11:115-117.
- Kirpensteijn J, Fingland RB. 1992. Cutaneous actinomycosis and nocardiosis in dogs: 48 cases (1980–1990). J Am Vet Med Assoc 201:917-920.
- Kiska DL, Hicks K, Pettit D. 2002. Identification of medically relevant Nocardia species with an abbreviated battery of tests. J Clin Microbiol 40:1346-1351.
- Kuttin ES, Feldman M, Perl S, et al. 1980. Canine nocardiosis in Israel. Refuah Vet 37:15-23.
- LaCroix JA. 1973. Vertebral body osteomyelitis: a case report. J Am Vet Radiol Soc 14:17-21.
- Langham RF, Schormer RG, Newman JP. 1959. Nocardiosis in the dog and cat. Michigan State Univ Vet 19:102-107, 119.
- Ledbetter EC, Scarlett JM. 2008. Isolation of anaerobic bacteria from ulcerative keratitis in domestic animals. Vet Ophthalmol 11:114-122.
- Lee E, Burger S, Shah J, et al. 2003. Linezolid-associated toxic optic neuropathy: a report of 2 cases. Clin Infect Dis 37:1389-1391.
- Legout L, Senneville E, Gomel JJ, et al. 2004. Linezolid-induced neuropathy. Clin Infect Dis 38:767-768.
- Lerner PI. 1990. Actinomyces and Arachnia species, pp 1932-1942. In Mandell GL, Douglas RG, Bennett JE (eds): Principles and practice of infectious diseases. Churchill Livingstone, New York.
- Lerner PI. 1996. Nocardiosis. Clin Infect Dis 22:891-905.
- Lewis KE, Ebden P, Wooster SL, et al. 2003. Multi-system infection with Nocardia farcinica—therapy with linezolid and minocycline. J Infect 46:199-202.
- Libke KG, Walton AM. 1974. Actinomycosis-like infection in the mandible of a cat. Mod Vet Pract 55:201-202.
- Lobetti RG, Collett MG, Leisewitz A. 1993. Acute fibrinopurulent pneumonia and haemoptysis associated with Nocardia asteroides in three dogs. Vet Rec 133:480.
- Long P, Campana HA. 1966. An unusual mycetoma. Arch Dermatol 93:341-345.
- Lopez FA, Johnson F, Novosad DM, et al. 2003. Successful management of disseminated Nocardia transvalensis infection in a heart transplant recipient after development of sulfonamide resistance: case report and review. J Heart Lung Transplant 22:492-497.
- Lording PM, Bellamy JEC. 1978. Trimethoprim and sulfadiazine: adverse effects of long-term administration in dogs. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 14:410-417.
- Lorenzana R, Richter K, Ehinger SJ, et al. 1985. Infectious pericardial effusion in a dog. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 21:725-728.
- Love DN, Jones RF, Bailey M, et al. 1978. Bacteria isolated from subcutaneous abscesses in cats. Aust Vet Pract 8:87-90.
- Love DN, Jones RF, Bailey M, et al. 1982. Isolation and characterization of bacteria from pyothorax (empyaemia) in cats. Vet Microbiol 7:455-561.
- Love DN, Vekselstein R, Collings S, et al. 1990. The obligate and facultatively anaerobic bacterial flora of the normal feline gingival margin. Vet Microbiol 22:267-275.
- Lugue I, Astorga R, Tarradas C, et al. 2002. Nocardia otitidiscaviarum infection in a cat. Vet Rec 151:488.
- Lum CA, Vadmal MS. 2003. Case report: Nocardia asteroides mycetoma. Ann Clin Lab Sci 33:329-333.
- Macfarlane DJ, Tucker LG, Kemp RJ. 1993. Treatment of recalcitrant actinomycosis with ciprofloxacin. J Infect 29:177-180.
- 115a. MacNeill AL, Steeil JC, Dossin O, et al. 2010. Dissemiated nocardiosis caused by Nocardia abscessus in a dog.Vet Clin Pathol 30:381-385.
- Malik RM, Krockenberger MB, O’Brien CR, et al. 2006. Nocardia infections in cats: a retrospective multi-institutional study of 17 cases. Aust Vet J 84:235-245.
- Marder MW, Kantrowitz MD, Davis T. 1973. Clinical pathology conference. Feline Pract 3:20-22, 29-31.
- Mardis JS, Many WJ. 2001. Endocarditis due to Actinomyces viscosus. South Med J 94:240-243.
- Marino DJ, Jaggy A. 1993. Nocardiosis. A literature review with selected case reports in two dogs. J Vet Intern Med 7:4-11.
- McElhaney LM, Jones MP. 1993. Challenging cases in internal medicine: what's your diagnosis? Vet Med 88:1032-1038.
- McMillan KL, Horne RD, King HA. 1982. Osteomyelitis in a dog caused by an anaerobic actinomycete: a case report. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 18:265-268.
- McNeil MM, Brown JM. 1994. The medically important aerobic actinomycetes: epidemiology and microbiology. Clin Microbiol Rev 7:357-417.
- McNeil MM, Brown JM, Georghion PR, et al. 1992. Infections due to Nocardia transvalensis: clinical spectrum and antimicrobial therapy. Clin Infect Dis 15:453-463.
- McNeil MM, Brown JM, Hutwagner LC, et al. 1995. Evaluation of therapy for Nocardia asteroides complex infections. Infect Dis Clin Pract 4:287-292.
- Mealey KL, Willard MD, Nagode LA, et al. 1999. Hypercalcemia associated with granulomatous disease in a cat. J Am Vet Med Assoc 215:959-962.
- Minero MV, Marin M, Cercenado R, et al. 2009. Nocardiosis at the turn of the century. Medicine (Baltimore) 88:250-261.
- Mitten RW. 1974. Vertebral osteomyelitis in the dog due to Nocardia-like organisms. J Small Anim Pract 15:563-570.
- Moylett EH, Pacheco SE, Brown-Elliott BA, et al. 2003. Clinical experience with linezolid for the treatment of Nocardia infection. Clin Infect Dis 36:313-318.
- Nelson JD, Hermann DW. 1986. Oral penicillin therapy for thoracic actinomycosis. Pediatr Infect Dis 5:594-595.
- Nicholson FR, Horne RD. 1973. Grass awn penetration in the dog. Auburn Vet 29:59-65.
- Nocard E. 1888. Note sur la maladie des boeufs de la Gouadeloupe-connue sous le nom de farcin. Ann Inst Pasteur (Paris) 2:293-302.
- Ochiai K, Kurita-Ochiai T, Kamino Y, et al. 1993. Effect of coaggregation on the pathogenicity of oral bacteria. J Med Microbiol 39:183-190.
- Ormsby AH, Bauer TW, Hall GS. 1998. Actinomycosis of the cholecystic duct: case report and review. Pathology 30:65-67.
- Pascual C, Foster G Falsen E, et al. 1999. Actinomyces bowdenii sp. nov., isolated from canine and feline clinical specimens. Int J Syst Bacteriol 49:1873-1877.
- Patgel JB, Wallace RJ, Brown-Elliot BA, et al. 2004. Sequence-based identification of aerobic Actinomyces. J Clin Microbiol 42:2530-2540.
- 135a. Paul AE, Mansfield CS, Thompson M. 2010. Presumptive Nocardia spp. infection in a dog treated with cyclosporine and ketoconazole. N Z Vet J 58:265-268.
- Petric AD, Tozon N, Cerne M. 2001. Nokardiose bei Katze and Hunt: zwei fall Studien. Prakt Tierarzt 82:1022-1028.
- Pottumarthy S, Limaye AP, Prentice JL, et al. 2003. Nocardia veterana, a new emerging pathogen. J Clin Microbiol 41:1705-1709.
- Provost F, Laurent F, Chamacho Uzcatequi LR, et al. 1997. Molecular study of persistence of Nocardia asteroides and Nocardia otitidiscaviarum strains in patients with long-term nocardiosis. J Clin Microbiol 35:1157-1160.
- Ramos CP, Foster G, Collins MD. 1997. Phylogenetic analysis of the genus Actinomyces based on 16S rRNA gene sequences: description of Arcanobacterium phocae sp. nov., Arcanobacterium bernardiae comb. nov., and Arcanobacterium pyogenes comb. nov. Int J Syst Bacteriol 47:46-53.
- Ramos-Vara JA, Wu CC, Lin TL, et al. 2007. Nocardia tenerifensis genome identification in a cutaneous granuloma of a cat. J Vet Diagn Invest 19:577-580.
- Read RW, Zhang J, Albini T, et al. 2005. Splendore-Hoeppli phenomenon in the conjunctiva: immunohistochemical analysis. Am J Ophthalmol 140:262-266.
- Reiner SL, Harrelson JM, Miller SE, et al. 1987. Primary actinomycosis of an extremity: a case report and review. Rev Infect Dis 9:581-589.
- Rhoades HE, Reynolds HA, Rahn DP, et al. 1963. Nocardiosis in a dog with multiple lesions of the central nervous system. J Am Vet Med Assoc 142:278-281.
- Ribero MG, Salerno T, Mattos-Guaraldi AL, et al. 2008. Nocardiosis: an overview and additional report of 28 cases in cattle and dogs. Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo 50:177-185.
- Richman M, Jeng A. 2007. Intra-abdominal co-infection with Mycobacterium bovis and Actinomyces in an AIDS patient: the first reported case and review. J Infect 55:e115-118.
- Robertson SA, Stoddart ME, Evan RJ, et al. 1983. Thoracic empyema in the dog: a report of twenty-two cases. J Small Anim Pract 24:103-119.
- Roth A, Andrees S, Kroppenstedt RM, et al. 2003. Phylogeny of the genus Nocardia based on reassessed 16S rRNA gene sequences reveals underspeciation and division of strains classified as Nocardia asteroides into three established species and two unnamed taxons. J Clin Microbiol 41:851-856.
- Russo TA. 2005. Agents of actinomycosis, pp 2924-2934. In Mandell GL, Bennett JE, Dolin R (eds): Principles and practice of infectious diseases, ed 6. Elsevier, Philadelphia.
- Sabbe LJM, Merwe DVD, Schouls L, et al. 1999. Clinical spectrum of infections due to newly described Actinomyces species A. turicensis, A. radingae, and A. europaeus. J Clin Microbiol 37:8-13.
- Sachs MK. 1992. Lymphocutaneous Nocardia brasiliensis infection acquired from a cat scratch: case report and review. Clin Infect Dis 15:710-711.
- Sapegin G, Cormack GR. 1956. Canine nocardiosis treated with hibitane. North Am Vet 37:385-388.
- Sarkonen N, Könönen E, Summanen P, et al. 2001. Phenotypic identification of Actinomyces and related species isolated from human sources. J Clin Microbiol 39:3955-3961.
- Sato Y, Mochizuki A. 1986. A case of canine systemic nocardiosis. Jpn J Vet Sci 48:629-732.
- Scott DW, Barrett RE, Tangorra L. 1976. Drug eruption associated with sulfonamide treatment of vertebral osteomyelitis in a dog. J Am Vet Med Assoc 168:1111-1114.
- Sharman J, Goh CS, Kuipers von Lande RG, et al. 2009. Intra-abdominal actinomycetoma in a cat. J Feline Med Surg 11:701-705.
- Skoutelis A, Petrochilos J, Bassaris H. 1994. Successful treatment of thoracic actinomycosis with ceftriaxone. Clin Infect Dis 19:161-162.
- Sivacolundhu RK, O’Hara AJ, Read RA. 2001. Thoracic actinomycosis (arcanobacteriosis) or nocardiosis causing thoracic pyogranuloma formation in three dogs. Aust Vet J 79:398-402.
- Smego RA. 1987. Actinomycosis of the central nervous system. Rev Infect Dis 9:855-865.
- Smith PM, Haughland SP, Jeffery ND. 2007. Brain abscess in a dog immunosuppressed using cyclosporine. Vet Journal 173:675-678.
- Sorrell TC, Mitchell DH, Iredell JR. 2005. Nocardia species, pp 2924-2034. In Mandell GL, Bennett JE, Dolin R (eds): Principles and practice of infectious diseases, ed 6. Elsevier, Philadelphia.
- Staudie KL, Hopper BJ, Gibson NR, et al. 2004. Use of ultrasound to facilitate surgical removal of non-enteric foreign bodies in 17 dogs. J Small Anim Pract 45:395-400.
- Stead AC. 1984. Osteomyelitis in the dog and cat. J Small Anim Pract 25:1-13.
- Steingrube VA, Brown BA, Gibson JL, et al. 1995. DNA amplification and restriction endonuclease analysis for differentiation of 12 species and taxa of Nocardia, including recognition of four new taxa within the Nocardia asteroides complex. J Clin Microbiol 33:3096-3101.
- Stowater JL. 1978. Actinomycosis in the spinal canal of cat. Feline Pract 8:26-27.
- Sturges BK, Dickinson PJ, Kortz GD, et al. 2006. Clinical signs, magnetic resonance imaging features and outcome after surgical and medical treatment of otogenic intracranial infection in 11 cats and 4 dogs. J Vet Intern Med 20:648-656.
- Subolle MA, Sussland D. 2003. Nocardiosis: review of clinical and laboratory experience. J Clin Microbiol 41:4497-4501.
- Suchodolski JS, Xenoulis PG, Paddock CG, et al. 2010. Molecular analysis of the bacterial microbiota in duodenal biopsies from dogs with idiopathic inflammatory bowel disease. Vet microbial 142:394-400.
- Swerczek TW, Schiefer B, Nielsen SW. 1968. Canine actinomycosis. Zentralbl Veterinarmed B 15:955-970.
- Swerczek TW, Trautwein G, Nielsen SW. 1968. Canine nocardiosis. Zentralbl Veterinarmed B 15:971-978.
- Sykes JE. 2009. Unpublished observations. University of California, Davis, Medicine and Epidemiology, Davis, CA.
- Sykes JE, Kittleson MD, Pesavento PA, et al. 2006. Evaluation of the relationship between causative organisms and clinical characteristics of infective endocarditis in dogs: 71 cases (2993–2005). J Am Vet Med Assoc 228:1723-1734.
- Sykes JE, Weiss DJ, Buoen LC, et al. 2001. Idiopathic hypereosinophilic syndrome in 3 Rottweilers. J Vet Intern Med 15:162-166.
- Threlkeld SC, Hooper DC. 1997. Update on management of patients with Nocardia infection. Curr Clin Top Infect Dis 17:1-23.
- Tietz A, Aldridge KE, Figueroa JE. 2005. Disseminated coinfection with Actinomyces graevenitzii and Mycobacterium tuberculosis: case report and review of the literature. J Clin Microbiol 43:3017-3022.
- Tilgner SL, Anstey SI. 1996. Nocardial peritonitis in a cat. Aust Vet J 74:430-432.
- Torres OH, Domingo P, Pericas R, et al. 2000. Infection caused by Nocardia farcinica: case report and review. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 19:205-212.
- Trepanier LA, Danhof R, Toll J, et al. 2003. Clinical findings in 40 dogs with hypersensitivity associated with administration of potentiated sulfonamides. J Vet Intern Med 17:647-652.
- Turner WD, Breznock EM. 1987. Continuous suction drainage for management of canine pyothorax—a retrospective study. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 28:485-494.
- Ulbegi-Mohyla H, Hassan AA, Alber J, et al. 2010. Identification of Arcanobacterium pluranimalium isolated from a dog by phenotypic properties and by PCR mediated characterization of various molecular targets. Vet Microbiol 142:458-460.
- Walker AL, Jang SS, Hirsch DC. 2000. Bacteria associated with pyothorax of dogs and cats: 98 cases (1989–1998). J Am Vet Med Assoc 216:359-363.
- Wallace RJ Jr, Brown BA, Blacklock Z, et al. 1995. New Nocardia taxon among isolates of Nocardia brasiliensis associated with invasive disease. J Clin Microbiol 33:1528-1533.
- Wallace RJ Jr, Brown BA, Tsukamura M, et al. 1991. Clinical and laboratory features of Nocardia nova. J Clin Microbiol 29:2407-2411.
- Wallace RJ Jr, Steele LC, Sumter G, et al. 1988. Antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of Nocardia asteroides. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 32:1776-1779.
- Wallace RJ Jr, Tsukamura M, Brown B, et al. 1990. Cefotaxime-resistant Nocardia asteroides strains are isolates of the controversial species Nocardia farcinica. J Clin Microbiol 28:2726-2732.
- Wellinghausen N, Pietzcker T, Kern WV, et al. 2002. Expanded spectrum of Nocardia species causing clinical nocardiosis detected by molecular methods. Int J Med Microbiol 292:277-282.
- Wilkinson GT. 1983. Cutaneous Nocardia infection in a cat. Feline Pract 13:32-34.
- Wilson RW, Steingrube VA, Brown BA, et al. 1997. Recognition of a Nocardia transvalensis complex by resistance to aminoglycosides, including amikacin, and PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis. J Clin Microbiol 35:2235-2242.
- Woods GL, Brown-Elliott BA, Desmond, EP, et al. 2003. Susceptibility testing of mycobacteria, Nocardia and other actinomycetes; approved standard. National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards [NCCLS] document M24-A, vol 23, no 18. NCCLS, Wayne, PA.
- Yassin AF, Rainey FA, Burghardt J, et al. 2000. Nocardia paucivorans sp. nov. Int J Sys Evol Microbiol 50:803-809.
- Yeung MK. 2000. Actinomyces: surface macromolecules and bacteria-host interactions, pp 583-593. In Fischetti VA, Novic RP, Ferretti JJ, et al. (eds): Gram-positive pathogens. ASM Press, Washington, DC.
- Yew WW, Wong PC, Wong CF, et al. 1994. Use of imipenem in the treatment of thoracic actinomycosis. Clin Infect Dis 19:984-985.
- Yovich JC, Read RA. 1995. Nasal Actinomyces infection in a cat. Aust Vet Pract 25:114-117.