Chapter 82

Reference

  1. Adamo FP, O’Brien RT. 2004. Use of cyclosporine to treat granulomatous meningoencephalitis in three dogs. J Am Vet Med Assoc 225:1211-1216.
  2. Adams J, Corsellis J, Duchen L. 1984. Active infective encephalitis: Herpes simplex encephalitis, pp 273-280. In Adams J, Corsellis J, Duchen L (eds), Greenfield's neuropathology, ed 4. Wiley, New York.
  3. Aguzzi A. 2003. Prions and the immune system: a journey through gut, spleen, and nerves. Adv Immunol 81:123-171.
  4. Aldhous P. 1990. BSE: spongiform encephalopathy found in cat. Nature 345:194.
  5. Alley MR, Jones BR, Johnstone AC. 1983. Granulomatous meningoencephalitis of dogs in New Zealand. N Z Vet J 31:117-119.
  6. Anfinsen KP, Berendt M, Liste FJH, et al. 2008. A retrospective epidemiological study of clinical signs and familial predisposition associated with aseptic meningitis in the Norwegian population of Nova Scotia duck tolling retrievers born 1994–2003. Can J Vet Res 72:350-355.
  7. Anonymous. 1999. BSE epidemic continues to decline. Vet Rec 144:331-332.
  8. Aresu L, D’Angelo A, Zanatta R, et al. 2007. Canine necrotizing encephalitis associated with anti-glomerular basement membrane glomerulonephritis. J Comp Pathol 136:279-282.
  9. Asante E, Linehan JM, Desbruslais M, et al. 2002. BSE prions propagate as Esther variant CJD-like or sporadic CJD-like prion strains in transgenic mice expressing human prion protein. EMBO J 21:6358-6366.
  10. Bailey CS, Higgins RJ. 1986. Characteristics of cerebrospinal fluid associated with canine granulomatous meningoencephalitis: a retrospective study. J Am Vet Med Assoc 188:418-421.
  11. Barber RM, Li Q, Diniz PP, et al. 2010. Evaluation of brain tissue or cerebrospinal fluid with broadly reactive polymerase chain reaction for Ehrlichia, Anaplasma, spotted fever group Rickettsia, Bartonella, and Borrelia species in canine neurological diseases (109 cases). J Vet Intern Med 24:372-378.
  12. Baron T, Belli P, Madec FJY, et al. 1997. Spongiform encephalopathy in an imported cheetah in France. Vet Rec 141:270-271.
  13. Baron T, Biacabe AG, Arsac JN, et al. 2007. Atypical transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs) in ruminants. Vaccine 25:5625-5630.
  14. Bathen-Noethen A, Carlson R, Menzel D, et al. 2008. Concentrations of acute-phase proteins in dogs with steroid responsive meningitis-arteritis. J Vet Intern Med 22:1149-1156.
  15. Baumgärtner WK, Krakowka S, Koestner A, et al. 1982. Acute encephalitis and hydrocephalus in dogs caused by canine parainfluenza virus. Vet Pathol 19:79-92.
  16. Baumgärtner WK, Krakowka S, Koestner A, et al. 1982. Ultrastructural evaluation of acute encephalitis and hydrocephalus in dogs caused by canine parainfluenza virus. Vet Pathol 19:305-314.
  17. Beltran WA, Ollivet FF. 2000. Homonymous hemianopia in a pug with necrotising meningoencephalitis. J Small Anim Pract 41:161-164.
  18. Bencsik A, Debeer S, Petit T, Baron T. 2009. Possible case of maternal transmission of feline spongiform encephalopathy in a captive cheetah. PLoS One 4:e6929.
  19. Bennett PF, Allan FJ, Guilford WG, et al. 1997. Idiopathic eosinophilic meningoencephalitis in Rottweiler dogs: three cases (1992–1997). Aust Vet J 75:786-789.
  20. Berg AL, Gavier-Widén D, Nilsson K, et al. 2007. Necrotizing encephalitis of unknown cause in Fennoscandian arctic foxes (Alopex lagopus). J Vet Diagn Invest 19:113-117.
  21. Berrocal A, Montgomery DL, Pumarola M. 2000. Leukoencephalitis and vasculitis with perivascular demyelination in a Weimaraner dog. Vet Pathol 37:470-472.
  22. Bradley R. 1996. Personal communication. Central Veterinary Laboratory, Weybridge, UK.
  23. Bratsberg B, Ueland K, Wells AH. 1995. Feline spongiform encephalopathy in a cat in Norway. Vet Rec 136:444.
  24. Braund KG. 1985. Granulomatous meningoencephalomyelitis. J Am Vet Med Assoc 186:138-141.
  25. Braund KG, Vandevelde M, Walker TL, et al. 1978. Granulomatous meningoencephalomyelitis in six dogs. J Am Vet Med Assoc 172:1195-1200.
  26. Breitschwerdt EB, Blann KR, Stebbins ME, et al. 2004. Clinicopathological abnormalities and treatment response in 24 dogs seroreactive to Bartonella vinsonii (berkhoffii) antigens. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 40:92-101.
  27. Britt JO, Howard EB. 1987. Hydrocephalus caused by ventriculitis in a puppy. Companion Anim Pract 1:39-43.
  28. Brown P, Will RG, Bradley R, et al. 2001. Bovine spongiform encephalopathy and variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease: background, evolution, and current concerns. Emerg Infect Dis 7:6-15.
  29. Bruce M, Chree A, McDonnell I, et al. 1994. Transmission of bovine spongiform encephalopathy and scrapie to mice: strain variation and the species barrier. Phil Trans R Soc Lond B Bio Sci 343:405-411.
  30. Burgener I, Van Ham L, Jaggy A, et al. 1998. Chemotactic activity and IL-8 levels in the cerebrospinal fluid in canine steroid responsive meningitis-arteriitis. J Neuroimmunol 89:182-190.
  31. Callanan JJ, Mooney CT, Mulcahy G, et al. 2002. A novel nonsuppurative meningoencephalitis in young greyhounds in Ireland. Vet Pathol 39:56-65.
  32. Cantile C, Arispici M, Modenato M, et al. 1997. Hydrocephalus with periventricular encephalitis in the dog. Zentralbl Veterinarmed A 44:595.
  33. Cantile C, Chianini F, Arispici M, et al. 2001. Necrotizing meningoencephalitis associated with cortical hippocampal hamartia in a Pekingese dog. Vet Pathol 38:119-122.
  34. Caramelli M, Ru G, Casalone C, et al. 2001. Evidence for the transmission of scrapie to sheep and goats from a vaccine against Mycoplasma agalactiae. Vet Rec 148:531-536.
  35. Cave TA, Knottenbelt C, Mellor DJ, et al. 2001. Feline dysautonomia in a closed colony of pet cats. Vet Rec 149:779.
  36. Cizinauskas S, Jaggy A, Tipold A. 2000. Long-term treatment of dogs with steroid-responsive meningitis-arteritis: clinical, laboratory and therapeutic results. J Small Anim Pract 41:295-301.
  37. Clewley JP, Kelly CM, Andrews N, et al. 2009. Prevalence of disease related prion protein in anonymous tonsil specimens in Britain: cross sectional opportunistic survey. BMJ 338:b1442.
  38. Coates JR, Barone G, Dewey CW, et al. 2007. Procarbazine as adjunctive therapy for treatment of dogs with presumptive antemortem diagnosis of granulomatous meningoencephalomyelitis: 21 cases (1998–2004). J Vet Intern Med 21:100-106.
  39. Collinge J, Sidle KCL, Meads J, et al. 1996. Molecular analysis of prion strain variation and the etiology of new variant CJD. Nature 383:685-690.
  40. Collins SJ, Lawson VA, Masters CL. 2004. Transmissible spongiform encephalopathies. Lancet 363:51-61.
  41. Cordy DR. 1979. Canine granulomatous meningoencephalomyelitis. Vet Pathol 16:325-333.
  42. Cordy DR, Holliday TA. 1989. A necrotizing meningoencephalomyelitis of pug dogs. Vet Pathol 26:191-194.
  43. Cork L. 1974. Personal communication. University of Georgia, Athens, GA.
  44. Crozet C, Beranger F, Lehmann S. 2008. Cellular pathogenesis in prion diseases. Vet Res 39:44.
  45. Cuddon PA, Coates JR, Murray M. 2002. New treatments for granulomatous meningoencephalomyelitis, pp 319-321. In Proceedings of the 20th American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine Forum Dallas, TX, May 29-June 1.
  46. Daly P, Drudy D, Chalmers WSK, et al. 2006. Greyhound meningoencephalitis: PCR-based detection methods highlight an absence of the most likely primary inducing agents. Vet Microbiol 118:189-200.
  47. DeArmond SJ, Prusiner SB. 1995. Etiology and pathogenesis of prion diseases. Am J Pathol 146:785-811.
  48. De Lahunta A. 1983. Veterinary neuroanatomy and clinical neurology. WB Saunders, Philadelphia.
  49. De Lahunta A. 2009. Personal communication. Cornell University, Ithaca, NY.
  50. de Lahunta A, Glass E. 2009. In Veterinary Neuroanatomy and Clinical Neurology, 3 ed, Saunders, Elsevier, St Louis.
  51. Demierre S, Botteron C, Cizinauskas S, et al. 2002. Feline spongiform encephalopathy: first clinical case in Switzerland. Schweiz Arch Tierheilkd 144:550-557.
  52. Demierre S, Tipold A, Griot-Wenk ME, et al. 2001. Correlation between the clinical course of granulomatous meningoencephalomyelitis in dogs and the extent of mast cell infiltration. Vet Rec 148:467-472.
  53. Detweiler DK. 1989. Spontaneous and induced arterial disease in the dog: pathology and pathogenesis. Toxicol Pathol 17:94-108.
  54. Dewey CW. 2002. External hydrocephalus in a dog with suspected bacterial meningoencephalitis. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 38:563-567.
  55. Ducote JM, Johnson KE, Dewey CW, et al. 1999. Computed tomography of necrotizing meningoencephalitis in 3 Yorkshire terriers. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 40:617-621.
  56. 55a. Eiden M, Hoffmann C, Balkema-Buschmann A, et al. 2010. Biochemical and immunohistochemical characterization of feline spongiform encephalopathy in a German captive cheetah. J Gen Virol 91:2874-2883.
  57. 55b. Eon KD, Lim CY, Gu SH, et al. 2008. Positron emission tomography features of canine necrotizing meningoencephtlitis. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 49:595-599.
  58. Evans CF, Horwitz MS, Hobbs MV, et al. 1996. Viral infection of transgenic mice expressing a viral protein in oligodendrocytes leads to chronic central nervous system autoimmune disease. J Exp Med 184:2371-2384.
  59. Fankhauser R, Fatzer R, Luginbühl H, et al. 1972. Reticulosis of the central nervous system in dogs. Adv Vet Sci Comp Med 16:35-71.
  60. Fearnside SM, Kissell AE, Powe JR. 2004. Cervical hyperaesthesia in a Maltese terrier with necrotizing meningoencephalitis. Aust Vet J 82:550-552.
  61. Felsberg PJ, Hogenesch H, Somberg RL, et al. 1992. Immunologic abnormalities in canine juvenile polyarteritis syndrome. A naturally occurring animal model of Kawasaki disease. Clin Immunol Immunopathol 65:110.
  62. Flegel T, Boettcher I, Matiasek K, Henke D. 2007. Treatment of immune mediated non-infectious encephalitis: alternative lomustine, p 508. In 20th Annual Symposium of the European College of Veterinary Neurology, Bern, Switzerland.
  63. 60a. Flegel T, Boettcher IC, Matiasek K, et al. 2011. Comparison of oral administration of lomustine and prednisolone or prednisolone alone as treatment of granulomatous meningoencephalomyelitis or necrotizing encephalitis in dogs. J Am Vet Med Assoc 238:337-345.
  64. Flegel T, Henke D, Boettcher IC, et al. 2008. Magnetic resonance imaging findings in histologically confirmed pug dog encephalitis. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 49:419-424.
  65. Fliegner RA, Holloway SA, Slocombe RF. 2006. Granulomatous meningoencephalomyelitis with peripheral nervous system involvement in a dog. Aust Vet J 84:358-361.
  66. Flir K. 1973. Encephalomyelitis in the big cats. DTW Dtsch Tierarztl Wochenschr 80:401.
  67. Fraser H, Pearson GR, McConnell I, et al. 1994. Transmission of feline spongiform encephalopathy to mice. Vet Rec 134:449.
  68. Gavier-Widén D, Stack MJ, Baron T, et al. 2005. Diagnosis of transmissible spongiform encephalopathies in animals: a review. J Vet Diagn Invest 17:509-527.
  69. Glastonbury JRW, Frauenfelder AR. 1981. Granulomatous meningoencephalitis in a dog. Aust Vet J 57:186-189.
  70. Granger N, Smith PM, Jeffery ND. 2010. Clinical findings and treatment of non-infectious meningoencephalomyelitis in dogs: a systematic review of 457 published cases from 1962 to 2008. Vet J 184:290-297.
  71. Greene CE. 1987. Personal communication. University of Georgia, Athens, GA.
  72. 68a. Greer KA, Daly P, Murphy KE, et al. 2010. Analysis of gene expression in brain tissue from Greyhounds with meningoencephalitis. Am J Vet Res 71:547-554.
  73. Greer KA, Schatzberg SJ, Porter BF, et al. 2008. Heritability and transmission analysis of necrotizing meningoencephalitis in the pug. Res Vet Sci 86:438-442.
  74. Greer KA, Wong AK, Liu H, et al. 2010. Necrotizing meningoencephalitis of pug dogs associates with dog leukocyte antigen class ii and resembles acute variant forms of multiple sclerosis. Tissue Antigens 76:110-118.
  75. Groschup MH, Kuczius T, Junghans F, et al. 2000. Characterization of BSE and scrapie strains/isolates. Arch Virol Suppl 16:217-226.
  76. Gruffydd-Jones TJ, Galloway PE, Pearson GE. 1992. Feline spongiform encephalopathy. J Small Anim Pract 33:471-476.
  77. Haltia M. 2000. Human prion diseases. Ann Med 32:493-500.
  78. Hamir AN, Clark WW, Sutton DL, et al. 2002. Resistance of domestic cats to a US sheep scrapie agent by intracerebral route. J Vet Diagn Invest 14:444-445.
  79. Harris CW, Didier PJ, Parker AJ. 1988. Simultaneous central nervous system reticulosis in two related Afghan hounds. Compend Contin Educ Pract Vet 10:304.
  80. Hasegawa T, Uchida K, Sugimoto M, et al. 2000. Long-term management of necrotizing meningoencephalitis in a pug dog. Canine Pract 25:20-22.
  81. Hayes TJ, Roberts GKS, Halliwell WH. 1989. An idiopathic febrile necrotizing arteritis syndrome in the dog: beagle pain. Toxicol Pathol 17:129-137.
  82. Haywood AM. 1997. Mechanisms of disease: transmissible spongiform encephalopathies. N Engl J Med 337:1821-1828.
  83. Herrera BM, Cader MZ, Dyment DA, et al. 2007. Multiple sclerosis susceptibility and the X chromosome. Mult Scler 13:856-864.
  84. Hess PR, Sellon RK. 1997. Steroid-responsive, cervical, pyogranulomatous pachymeningitis in a dog. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 33:461-468.
  85. Higgins RJ. Personal communication. University of California–Davis.
  86. Higgins RJ, Dickinson PJ, Kube SA, et al. 2008. Necrotizing meningoencephalitis in five Chihuahua dogs. Vet Pathol 45:336-346.
  87. Higgins RJ, LeCouteur RA. GME, NME, and breed-specific encephalitis and allied disorders: variations of the same theme or different diseases? A clinical and pathological perspective, pp 35-37. In 20th Annual Symposium of the European College of Veterinary Neurology, Bern, Switzerland.
  88. Higgins RJ, Vandevelde M, Braund KB. 1977. Internal hydrocephalus and associated periventricular encephalitis in young dogs. Vet Pathol 14:236-246.
  89. Hilbe MM, Soldati GG, Zlinszky KK, et al. 2009. Immunohistochemical study of PrPSc distribution in neural and extraneural tissues of two cats with feline spongiform encephalopathy. BMC Vet Res 5:11.
  90. Hill AF. 2003. Possible link between bovine spongiform encephalopathy and sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. Aust Vet J 81:275-276.
  91. Hinrichs U, Tobias R, Baumgärtner W. 1996. [A case of necrotizing meningoencephalitis in a pug dog (pug dog encephalitis-PDE)]. Tierarztl Prax 24:489-492.
  92. Hoerlein BF. 1978. Canine neurology. WB Saunders, Philadelphia.
  93. Hoff EJ, Vandevelde M. 1981. Necrotizing vasculitis in the central nervous system of two dogs. Vet Pathol 18:219-223.
  94. Hoff EJ, Vandevelde M. 1981. Non-suppurative encephalomyelitis in cats suggestive of a viral origin. Vet Pathol 18:170-180.
  95. Hoffmann C, Ziegler U, Buschmann A, et al. 2007. Prions spread via the autonomic nervous system from the gut to the central nervous system in cattle incubating bovine spongiform encephalopathy. J Gen Virol 88(Pt 3):1048-1055.
  96. Hoffman GE, Le WW, Murphy AZ, et al. 2001. Divergent effects of ovarian steroids on neuronal survival during experimental allergic encephalitis in Lewis rats. Exp Neurol 171:272-284.
  97. Hogenesch H, Snyder PW, Scott-Montcrieff JC, et al. 1995. Interleukin-6 activity in dogs with juvenile polyarteritis syndrome: effect of corticosteroids. Clin Immunol Immunopathol 77:107-110.
  98. Holliday TA. 1986. Personal communication. University of California–Davis.
  99. Ironside JW, Head MW. 2004. Neuropathology and molecular biology of variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 284:133-159.
  100. Irving G, Chrisman C. 1990. Long term outcome of five cases of corticosteroid-responsive meningomyelitis. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 26:324-328.
  101. Iulini B, Cantile C, Mandara MT, et al. 2008. Neuropathology of Italian cats in feline spongiform encephalopathy surveillance. Vet Pathol 45:626-633.
  102. Jeffrey M, González L. 2004. Pathology and pathogenesis of bovine spongiform encephalopathy and scrapie. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 284:65-97.
  103. Jull BA, Merryman JI, Thomas WB, et al. 1997. Necrotizing encephalitis in a Yorkshire terrier. J Am Vet Med Assoc 211:1005-1007.
  104. 99a. Kang BT, Kim SG, Lim CY, et al. 2011. Correlation between fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography and Magnetic resonance imaging findings of non-suppurative meningoencephaltitis in 5 dogs. Can Vet J 51:986-992.
  105. Kelly DF, Wells GAH, Haritani M, et al. 2005. Neuropathological findings in cats with clinically suspect but histologically unconfirmed feline spongiform encephalopathy. Vet Rec 156:472-477.
  106. Kipar A, Baumgartner W, Vogi C, et al. 1998. Immunohistochemical characterization of inflammatory cells in brains of dogs with granulomatous meningoencephalitis. Vet Pathol 35:43-52.
  107. Kirkwood JK, Cunningham AA, Flach EJ, et al. 1995. Spongiform encephalopathy in another captive cheetah (Acinonyx jubatus): evidence for variation in susceptibility or incubation periods between species? J Zoo Wildl Med 26:577-582.
  108. Kitagawa M, Okada M, Watari T, et al. 2009. Ocular granulomatous meningoencephalomyelitis in a dog: magnetic resonance images and clinical findings. J Vet Med Sci 71:233-237.
  109. Kobayashi Y, Ochiai K, Umemura T, et al. 1994. Necrotizing meningoencephalitis in pug dogs in Japan. J Comp Pathol 110:129-136.
  110. Kortz GD, Meier WA, Higgins RJ, et al. 1997. Neuronal vacuolation and spinocerebellar degeneration in young Rottweiler dogs. Vet Pathol 34:296-302.
  111. Koster T, Singh K, Zimmermann M, et al. 2003. Emerging therapeutic agents for transmissible spongiform encephalopathies: a review. J Vet Pharmacol Therap 26:315-326.
  112. Kronevi T, Nordström M, Moreno W, et al. 1974. Feline ataxia due to nonsuppurative meningoencephalomyelitis of unknown etiology. Nord Vet Med 26:720-725.
  113. Krueger N, Reid HW. 1994. Detection of louping ill virus in formalin-fixed, paraffin wax-embedded tissues of mice, sheep and a pig by the avidin-biotin-complex immunoperoxidase technique. Vet Rec 135:224-225.
  114. Kuczius T, Haist I, Groschup MH. 1998. Molecular analysis of bovine spongiform encephalopathy and scrapie strain variation. J Infect Dis 178:693-699.
  115. Kuwabara M, Tanaka S, Fujiwara K. 1998. Magnetic resonance imaging and histopathology of encephalitis in a pug. J Vet Med Sci 60:1353-1355.
  116. Kuwamura M, Adachi T, Yamate J, et al. 2002. Necrotising encephalitis in the Yorkshire terrier: a case report and literature review. J Small Anim Pract 43:459-463.
  117. Legett MM, Dukes J, Pirie HM. 1990. A spongiform encephalopathy in a cat. Vet Rec 127:586-588.
  118. Levine JM, Fosgate GT, Porter B, et al. 2008. Epidemiology of necrotizing meningoencephalitis in Pug dogs. J Vet Intern Med 22:961-968.
  119. Lezmi S, Toussaint Y, Prata D, et al. 2007. Severe necrotizing encephalitis in a Yorkshire terrier: topographic and immunohistochemical study. J Vet Med A 54:186-190.
  120. Lobetti R, Pearson J. 1996. Magnetic resonance imaging in the diagnosis of focal granulomatous meningoencephalitis in two dogs. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 37:424-427.
  121. Lotti D, Capucchio MT, Gaidolfi E, et al. 1999. Necrotizing encephalitis in a Yorkshire terrier: clinical, imaging, and pathological findings. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 40:622-626.
  122. Lowrie M, Penderis J, McLaughlin M, et al. 2009. Steroid responsive meningitis-arteritis: a prospective study of potential disease markers, prednisolone treatment, and long-term outcome in 20 dogs (2006–2008). J Vet Intern Med. 23:862-870.
  123. Lundgren AL, Czech G, Bode L, et al. 1993. Natural Borna disease in domestic animals other than horses and sheep. Zentralbl Veterinarmed 40:298-303.
  124. Luttgen P. 1986. Personal communication. Texas A&M University, College Station, TX.
  125. Luttgen PJ. 1988. Inflammatory disease of the central nervous system. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 18:623-640.
  126. Mackay BM, Curtis N. 1999. Adipsia and hypernatraemia in a dog with focal hypothalamic granulomatous meningoencephalitis. Aust Vet J 77:14-17.
  127. MacKnight C. 2001. Clinical implications of bovine spongiform encephalopathy. Clin Infect Dis 32:1726-1731.
  128. Madec JY, Belli P, Calavas D, et al. 2000. Efficiency of Western blotting for the specific immunodetection of proteinase K-resistant prion protein in BSE diagnosis in France. Vet Rec 146:74-76.
  129. Maeda H, Ozaki K, Horikiri K, et al. 1993. Granulomatous leptomeningitis in beagle dogs. Vet Pathol 30:566-573.
  130. Maeda H, Ozaki K, Horikiri K, et al. 1994. Histological and topographical characteristics of canine granulomatous leptomeningitis. J Comp Pathol 111:55-63.
  131. Maiolini A, Carlson R, Schwartz M, et al. 2009. Determination of IgA levels in serum and cerebrospinal fluid: assessment of its diagnostic value for canine steroid-responsive meningitis-arteritis in a large number of cases, p 85. In Proceedings of the 22nd Symposium ECVN, Bologna, Italy.
  132. 126a. Mandara MT, Pavone S, Vitellozzi G. 2007. Internal hydrocephalus and associated periventricular encephalitis in a young fox. Vet Pathol 44:713-716.
  133. Manuelidis L. 1997. Decontamination of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease and other transmissible agents. J Neurovirol 3:62-65.
  134. Masters CL, Beyreuther K. 1997. Spongiform encephalopathies. Tracking turncoat proteins. Nature 388:228-229.
  135. Matsuki N, Fujiwara K, Tamahara S, et al. 2004. Prevalence of autoantibody in cerebrospinal fluids from dogs with various CNS diseases. J Vet Med Sci 66:295-297.
  136. Melchior G. 1973. Meningoencephalitis in lions and tigers, pp 245-254. In Ippen R, Schröder H (eds): Diseases of zoo animals. Proceedings of the XV International Symposium on Zoo Animal Diseases (Kolmarden), Akademie-Verlag, Berlin, Germany.
  137. Mellema LM, Samii VF, Vernau KM, et al. 2002. Meningeal enhancement on magnetic resonance imaging in 15 dogs and 3 cats. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 43:10-15.
  138. Meric SM, Child G, Higgins RJ. 1986. Necrotizing vasculitis of the spinal pachyleptomeningeal arteries in three Bernese mountain dog littermates. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 22:459-465.
  139. Meric SM, Perman V, Hardy RM. 1985. Corticosteroid-responsive meningitis in ten dogs. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 21:677-684.
  140. Muñana KR, Luttgen PJ. 1998. Prognostic factors for dogs with granulomatous meningoencephalomyelitis: 42 cases (1982–1996). J Am Vet Med Assoc 212:1902-1906.
  141. Neilson DE, Adams MD, Orr CM, et al. 2009. Infection-triggered familial or recurrent cases of acute necrotizing encephalopathy caused by mutations in a component of the nuclear pore, RANBP2. Am J Hum Genet 84:44-51.
  142. Nuhsbaum MT, Powell CC, Gionfriddo JR, et al. 2002. Treatment of granulomatous meningoencephalomyelitis in a dog. Vet Ophthalmol 5:29-33.
  143. Okamoto M, Kagawa Y, Kamitani W, et al. 2002. Borna disease in a dog in Japan. J Comp Pathol 126:312-317.
  144. Oldstone MB. 1998. Molecular mimicry and immune-mediated diseases. FASEB J 12:1255-1265.
  145. O’Rourke KI, Baszler TV, Besser TE, et al. 2000. Preclinical diagnosis of scrapie by immunohistochemistry of third eyelid lymphoid tissue. J Clin Microbiol 38:3254-3259.
  146. Panciera RJ, Ritchey JW, Baker JE, et al. 2002. Trigeminal and polyradiculoneuritis in a dog presenting with masticatory muscle atrophy and Horner's syndrome. Vet Pathol 39:146-149.
  147. Pearson GR, Wyatt JM, Gruffydd-Jones TJ, et al. 1991. Feline spongiform encephalopathy. Vet Rec 128:532.
  148. Pearson GR, Wyatt JM, Gruffydd-Jones TJ, et al. 1992. Feline spongiform encephalopathy febrile and PrP studies. Vet Rec 131:307-310.
  149. Percy DH, Munnel JF, Olander HJ, et al. 1970. Pathogenesis of canine herpesvirus encephalitis. Am J Vet Res 31:145-156.
  150. Petrus DJ, Nicholls PK, Gregory SP. 2001. Megacolon secondary to autonomic ganglioneuritis in a dog. Vet Rec 148:276-277.
  151. Pham PT, Matsuki NM, Fujiwara KF, et al. 2005. Glutamate and taurine levels in cerebrospinal fluid of pug dogs with necrotizing meningoencephalitis. Vet Clin Pathol 34(Suppl):308.
  152. Poncelet L, Balligand M. 1993. Steroid responsive meningitis in three boxer dogs. Vet Rec 132:361-362.
  153. Poncelet L, Lybaert P, Coppens A, et al. 2000. Necrotizing encephalitis in a Maltese dog in Belgium. Ann Med Vet 144:29-32.
  154. Porter BF, Ambrus A, Storts RW. 2006. Immunohistochemical evaluation of mx protein expression in canine encephalitides. Vet Pathol 43:981-987.
  155. Presthus J. 1991. Aseptic suppurative meningitis in Bernese mountain dogs. Eur J Comp Anim Pract 1:24-28.
  156. Prusiner SB. 1993. Genetic and infectious prion diseases. Arch Virol 50:1129-1153.
  157. Race R, Jenny A, Sutton D. 1998. Scrapie infectivity and proteinase K-resistant prion protein in sheep placenta, brain, spleen, and lymph node: implications for transmission and antemortem diagnosis. J Infect Dis 178:949-953.
  158. Raymond GJ, Hope J, Kocisko DA, et al. 1997. Molecular assessment of the potential transmissibilities of BSE and scrapie to humans. Nature 388:285-288.
  159. Ryan K, Marks SL, Kerwin SC. 2001. Granulomatous meningoencephalomyelitis in dogs. Compend Contin Educ Pract Vet 23:644-650.
  160. Ryder SJ, Wells GAH, Bradsaw JM, et al. 2001. Inconsistent detection of PrP in extraneural tissues of cats with feline spongiform encephalopathy. Vet Rec 148:437-441.
  161. Sarfaty D, Carrillo JM, Greenlee PG. 1986. Differential diagnosis of granulomatous meningoencephalomyelitis, distemper, and suppurative meningoencephalitis in the dog. J Am Vet Med Assoc 188:387-392.
  162. Salvadori C, Lossi L, Arispici M, Cantile C. 2007. Spongiform neurodegenerative disease in a Persian kitten. J Feline Med Surg 9:242-245.
  163. Sawashima Y, Sawashima K, Taura Y, et al. 1996. Clinical and pathological findings of a Yorkshire terrier affected with necrotizing encephalitis. J Vet Med Sci 58:659-661.
  164. Schaller O, Fatzer R, Stack MJ, et al. 1999. Validation of a Western immunoblotting procedure for bovine PrPSc for the diagnosis of bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE). Acta Neuropathol 98:437-443.
  165. Schatzberg S. 2007. Polymerase chain reaction for viral, bacterial, and rickettsial nucleic acid detection in dogs with meningoencephalitis of unknown etiology, pp 63-64. In 20th Annual Symposium of the European College of Veterinary Neurology, Bern, Switzerland.
  166. Schatzberg SJ. 2010. Personal observation. University of Georgia, Athens, GA.
  167. Schatzberg SJ, Haley NJ, Barr SC, et al. 2005. Polymerase chain reaction screening for DNA viruses in paraffin-embedded brains from dogs with necrotizing meningoencephalitis, necrotizing leukoencephalitis, and granulomatous meningoencephalitis. J Vet Intern Med 19:553-559.
  168. Schaudien D, Polizopoulou Z, Koutinas A, et al. 2010. Leukoencephalopathy associated with parvovirus infection in Cretan hound puppies. J Clin Microbiol 48:3169-3175.
  169. Schwab S, Herden C, Seeliger F, et al. 2007. Non-suppurative meningoencephalitis of unknown origin in cats and dogs: an immunohistochemical study. J Comp Pathol 136:96-110.
  170. Schwartz M, Carlson R, Tipold A. 2008. Selective CD11a upregulation on neutrophils in the acute phase of steroid-responsive meningitis-arteritis in dogs. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 126:248-255.
  171. Schwartz M, Moore PF, Tipold A. 2008. Disproportionally strong increase of B cells in inflammatory cerebrospinal fluid of dogs with steroid-responsive meningitis-arteritis. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 125:274-283.
  172. Schwartz M, Puff C, Stein VM, et al. 2010. Marked MMP-2 transcriptional up-regulation in mononuclear leukocytes invading the subarachnoidal space in aseptic suppurative steroid-responsive meningitis-arteritis in dogs. Vet Immun Immunopathol, 133:198-206.
  173. 166a. Schwartz M, Puff C, Stgein VM, et al. 2011. Pathogenetic factors for excessive IgA production: Th2-dominated immune response in canine steroid-responsive meningitis-arteritis. Vet J 187:260-266.
  174. Scott-Moncrieff JC, Snyder PW, Glickman LT, et al. 1992. Systemic necrotizing vasculitis in nine young beagles. J Am Vet Med Assoc 201:1553-1558.
  175. Sheshberadaran H, Norrby E. 1984. Three monoclonal antibodies against measles virus F protein cross-react with cellular stress proteins. J Virol 52:995-999.
  176. Shibly S, Schmidt P, Robert N, et al. 2006. Immunohistochemical screening for viral agents in cheetahs (Acinonyx jubatus) with myelopathy. Vet Rec 159:557-561.
  177. Shibuya M, Matsuki N, Fujiwara K, et al. 2007. Autoantibodies against glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) in cerebrospinal fluids from pug dogs with necrotizing meningoencephalitis. J Vet Med Sci 69:241-245.
  178. Shibuya MS, Natsuki NM, Tamahara ST, et al. 2005. Glial fibrillary acidic protein is a common autoantigen in canine necrotizing meningoencephalitis. Vet Clin Pathol 34(Suppl):308.
  179. 171a. Shiel RE, Mooney CT, Brennan SF, Nolan CM, et al. 2010. Clinical and clinicopathological features of non-suppurative meningoencephalitis in young greyhounds in Ireland. Vet Rec 167:333-337.
  180. Smith PG, Bradley R. 2003. Bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) and its epidemiology. Br Med Bull 66:185-198.
  181. Son WC. 2004. Idiopathic canine polyarteritis in control beagle dogs from toxicity studies. J Vet Sci 5:147-150.
  182. Sorjonen DC. 1987. Granulomatous meningoencephalomyelitis: clinical and histopathologic correlations, pp 848-850. In Proceedings ACVIM Forum, San Diego.
  183. Sorjonen DC. 1990. Clinical and histopathological features of granulomatous meningoencephalomyelitis in dogs. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 26:141-147.
  184. Speciale J, Van Winkle T, Steinberg S, et al. 1992. Computed tomography in the diagnosis of focal granulomatous meningoencephalitis: retrospective evaluation of three cases. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 28:327-332.
  185. Stalis IH, Chadwick B, Dayrell-Hart B, et al. 1995. Necrotizing meningoencephalitis of Maltese dogs. Vet Pathol 32:230-235.
  186. Steiss JE, Cox NR, Hathcock JT. 1994. Brain stem auditory-evoked response abnormalities in 14 dogs with confirmed central nervous system lesions. J Vet Intern Med 8:293-298.
  187. Storch MK, Bauer J, Linington C, et al. 2006. Cortical demyelination can be modeled in specific rat models of autoimmune encephalomyelitis and is major histocompatibility complex (MHC) haplotype-related. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 65:1137-1142.
  188. Summers B. 2010. Personal communication. Cornell University, Ithaca, NY.
  189. Suzuki M, Uchida K, Morozumi M, et al. 2003. A comparative pathological study on canine necrotizing meningoencephalitis and granulomatous meningoencephalomyelitis. J Vet Med Sci 65:1233-1239.
  190. Suzuki M, Uchida K, Morozumi M, et al. 2003. A comparative pathological study on granulomatous meningoencephalomyelitis and central malignant histiocytosis in dogs. J Vet Med Sci 65:1319-1324.
  191. Synge BA, Waters JW. 1992. Spongiform encephalopathy in a Scottish cat. Vet Rec 129:320.
  192. Talarico LR, Schatzberg SJ. 2010. Idiopathic granulomatous and necrotizing inflammatory disorders of the canine central nervous system: a review and future perspectives. J Small Anim Pract 51:138-149.
  193. Tappin SW, Dodkin SJ, Tasker S, et al. 2006. Retrospective review of abnormal canine serum protein electrophoresis results. Vet Clin Pathol 35:490.
  194. Theil DJ, Tsunoda I, Rodriguez F, et al. 2001. Viruses can silently prime for and trigger central nervous system autoimmune disease. J Neurovirol 7:220-227.
  195. Thomas JB, Eger C. 1989. Granulomatous meningoencephalomyelitis in 21 dogs. J Small Anim Pract 30:287-293.
  196. Thomas WB. 1998. Inflammatory diseases of the central nervous system in dogs. Clin Tech Small Anim Pract 13:167-178.
  197. Timmann D, Konar M, Howard J, et al. 2007. Necrotising encephalitis in a French bulldog. J Small Anim Pract 48:339-342.
  198. Tipold A. 1995. Diagnosis of inflammatory and infectious diseases of the central nervous system in dogs: a retrospective study. J Vet Intern Med 9:304-314.
  199. Tipold A. 2002. Steroid-responsive meningitis-arteriitis in dogs, pp 345-347. In Proceedings of the 20th American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine Forum Dallas, TX, May 29-June 1.
  200. Tipold A. 2009. Unpublished observations. University of Veterinary Medicine, Hannover, Germany.
  201. Tipold A, Fatzer R, Jaggy A, et al. 1993. Necrotizing encephalitis in Yorkshire terriers. J Small Anim Pract 34:623-628.
  202. Tipold A, Jaggy A. 1994. Steroid responsive meningitis-arteritis in dogs. A long-term study of 32 cases. J Small Anim Pract 35:311-316.
  203. Tipold A, Moore P, Zurbriggen A, et al. 1999. Lymphocyte subset distribution in steroid responsive meningitis-arteriitis in comparison to different canine encephalitides. J Vet Med A 46:75-85.
  204. Tipold A, Somberg R, Felsburg P. 1996. Is there a superantigen effect on steroid-responsive meningitis-arteritis in dogs? Tierarztl Prax 24:514-518.
  205. Tipold A, Vandevelde M, Zurbriggen A. 1995. Neuroimmunological studies in steroid-responsive meningitis-arteritis in dogs. Res Vet Sci 58:103-108.
  206. Toda Y, Matsuki N, Shibuya M, et al. 2007. Glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and anti-GFAP autoantibody in canine necrotising meningoencephalitis. Vet Rec 161:261-264.
  207. Uchida K, Hasegawa T, Ikeda M, et al. 1999. Detection of an autoantibody from pug dogs with necrotizing encephalitis (pug dog encephalitis). Vet Pathol 36:301-307.
  208. Vandevelde M. 1987. Unpublished observations. University of Switzerland, Bern.
  209. Vandevelde M. 1990. Neurologic diseases of suspected infectious origin, pp 862-865. In Greene CE (ed): Infectious diseases of the dog and cat, ed 1. WB Saunders, Philadelphia.
  210. Vandevelde M. 1996. Unpublished observations. University of Bern, Switzerland.
  211. Vandelvede M. 1998. Neurologic diseases of suspected infectious origin, pp 530-539. In Greene CE (ed): Infectious diseases of the dog and cat, ed 2. WB Saunders, Philadelphia.
  212. Vandevelde M. 2004. Personal observations. University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.
  213. Vandevelde M, Braund KG. 1979. Polioencephalomyelitis in cats. Vet Pathol 16:420-427.
  214. Vandevelde M, Fatzer R, Fankhauser R. 1981. Immunohistologic studies on primary reticulosis of the canine brain. Vet Pathol 18:577-588.
  215. Van Ham L. 1995. Personal communication. University of Ghent, Belgium.
  216. von Praun F, Matiasek K, Grevel V, et al. 2006. Magnetic resonance imaging and pathologic findings associated with necrotizing encephalitis in two Yorkshire terriers. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 47:260-264.
  217. Wakshlag JJ, De Lahunta A, Robinson T, et al. 1999. Subacute necrotizing encephalopathy in an Alaskan husky. J Small Anim Pract 40:585-589.
  218. Webb AA, Taylor SM, Muir GD. 2002. Steroid-responsive meningitis-arteritis in dogs with noninfectious, nonerosive, idiopathic, immune-mediated polyarthritis. J Vet Intern Med 16:269-273.
  219. Weissenbock H, Nowotny N, Caplazi P, et al. 1998. Borna disease in a dog with lethal meningoencephalitis. J Clin Microbiol 36:2127-2130.
  220. Wells GA, Spiropoulos J, Hawkins SA, Ryder SJ. 2005. Pathogenesis of experimental bovine spongiform encephalopathy: preclinical infectivity in tonsil and observations on the distribution of lingual tonsil in slaughtered cattle. Vet Rec 156:401-407.
  221. Wells GA, Wilesmith JW. 1995. The neuropathology and epidemiology of bovine spongiform encephalopathy. Brain Pathol 5:91-103.
  222. Whitley RJ, Gnann JW. 2002. Viral encephalitis: familiar infections and emerging pathogens. Lancet 359:507-513.
  223. Wilesmith JW. 2002. Preliminary epidemiological analyses of the first 16 cases of BSE born after July 31, 1996, in Great Britain. Vet Rec 151:451-452.
  224. Willoughby K, Kelly DF, Lyon DG, et al. 1992. Spongiform encephalopathy in a captive puma (Felis concolor). Vet Rec 131:431-434.
  225. Wouda W, Vandevelde M, Kihm U. 1981. Internal hydrocephalus of suspected infectious origin in young dogs. Zentralbl Veterinarmed A 28:481.
  226. Wyatt JM, Pearson GR, Smerdon TN, et al. 1990. Spongiform encephalopathy in a cat. Vet Rec 126:513.
  227. Wyatt JM, Pearson GR, Smerdon TN, et al. 1991. Naturally occurring scrapie-like spongiform encephalopathy in five domestic cats. Vet Rec 129:233-236.
  228. 219a. Wünschmann A, Oglesbee M. 2001. Periventricular changes associated with spontaneous canine hydrocephalus. Vet Pathol 38:67-73.
  229. Young BD, Levine JM, Fosgate GT, et al. 2009. Magnetic resonance imaging characteristics of necrotizing meningoencephalitis in pug dogs. J Vet Intern Med 23:527-535.
  230. Young S, Slocombe RF. 2003. Prion-associated spongiform encephalopathy in an imported Asiatic golden cat (Catopuma temminckii). Aust Vet J 81:295-296.
  231. Yuzbasiyan-Gurkan V, Krehbiel JD, Cao Y, et al. 1999. Development and usefulness of new polymerase chain reaction-based tests for detection of different alleles at codons 136 and 171 of the ovine prion protein gene. Am J Vet Res 60:884-887.
  232. Zarfoss M, Schatzberg S, Venator K, et al. 2006. Combined cytosine arabinoside and prednisone therapy for meningoencephalitis of unknown aetiology in 10 dogs. J Small Anim Pract 47:588-595.